Aligned nanofiber-based responsive sponge scaffolds for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Nerve conduits have demonstrated tremendous value in advancing nerve regeneration. The current research focuses on improving their neuro regenerative effects through structural optimization and functional enhancement. Here, an original responsive sponge nerve conduit (RSNC) comprising a three-dimensional (3D) foamed nanofiber scaffold integrated with polydopamine-coated black phosphorus (PDA@BP) hydrogel is developed to promote sciatic nerve regeneration. The aligned nanofibrous mats are prepared by electrospinning and then foamed by gas foaming technology to obtain 3D sponge nanofiber scaffolds, which are subsequently filled with conductive PDA@BP doped gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels. Leveraging the superior photothermal conversion efficiency of PDA@BP nanosheets, loaded nerve growth factors are released under near-infrared light exposure, thereby promoting cell differentiation. In vivo experiments notably prove that RSNCs excel in facilitating nerve regeneration and motor function recovery, highlighting their potential for clinical peripheral nerve repair and related biomedical applications.