Carbon dots endow glucose oxidase with autocatalytic features and anti-poisoning ability

Glucose oxidase (GOx), an essential biocatalyst widely employed in food processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and bioenergy systems, faces persistent challenges in activity enhancement, stability improvement, and inhibitor resistance. Here, we demonstrate that hybrids of GOx and carbon dots (GOx-CDs) fundamentally transform GOx functionality through critical advancements. The hybrids exhibit a 387% greater catalytic activity compared with native GOx, accompanied by significantly enhanced stability. In addition, CDs alter the reaction kinetics from classical Michaelis–Menten behavior to autocatalytic kinetics via their H₂O₂-scavenging capability and oxygen regeneration, establishing a positive feedback loop. More importantly, this nanomaterial-enzyme hybrid extends to both electrochemical systems and immobilized platforms while maintaining beneficial effects. These insights into nanomaterial-enhanced enzyme kinetics establish a translatable platform from basic mechanisms to real-world applications, enabling novel approaches for tailored enzyme modifications and biocatalytic processes.