Ali Nateghi, Morvarid Hamrahjoo, Mohammad Yasaghi, Mahnaz Ramzali, Saeed Samadizadeh, Fatemeh Fotouhi, Vahid Salimi, Lobat Shahkar, Britt Nakstad, Alireza Tahamtan
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This study investigates the epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory viruses in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>A total of 264 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from hospitalized children between October 2021 to March 2022 at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The frequency of various respiratory viruses, including human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV1-4), influenza viruses A and B (FLU-A, B), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected using a SYBR green-based real-time PCR assay.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Out of the 264 hospitalized children, 88.2% (233) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus, with 60.2% (159) showing co-infections and 28% (74) having single infections. The most frequently detected were HRV (56.4%), HMPV (53%), and RSV (18.2%). The proportions of HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, HPIV-4, FLU-A, FLU-B, and SARS-CoV-2 were 8.7%, 12.9%, 8%, 7.6%, 1.9%, 0%, and 15.2%, respectively. There was a clear association between specific viruses and some clinical symptoms, such as RSV with pneumonia, and HPIV-1 with cyanosis. Co-infections were linked to severe outcomes, including pneumonia and seizures. Among all 264 patients, 5 died, and 3 of them had underlying diseases. All fatal cases tested positive for at least one virus, with HMPV being the most frequently detected.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>This study highlights the considerable impact of ARIs among children under five in Golestan Province, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of early detection and ongoing surveillance, particularly in high-risk pediatric populations and across diverse geographic areas.</p>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":13289,"journal":{"name":"Immunity, Inflammation and Disease","volume":"13 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477401/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Iranian Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic\",\"authors\":\"Ali Nateghi, Morvarid Hamrahjoo, Mohammad Yasaghi, Mahnaz Ramzali, Saeed Samadizadeh, Fatemeh Fotouhi, Vahid Salimi, Lobat Shahkar, Britt Nakstad, Alireza Tahamtan\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/iid3.70275\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Background</h3>\\n \\n <p>Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a significant global health concern, especially in children under five, causing approximately 4.3 million annual deaths. ARIs are mainly caused by respiratory viruses. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has altered the circulation of respiratory viruses. This study investigates the epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory viruses in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Methods</h3>\\n \\n <p>A total of 264 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from hospitalized children between October 2021 to March 2022 at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The frequency of various respiratory viruses, including human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV1-4), influenza viruses A and B (FLU-A, B), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected using a SYBR green-based real-time PCR assay.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Results</h3>\\n \\n <p>Out of the 264 hospitalized children, 88.2% (233) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus, with 60.2% (159) showing co-infections and 28% (74) having single infections. The most frequently detected were HRV (56.4%), HMPV (53%), and RSV (18.2%). The proportions of HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, HPIV-4, FLU-A, FLU-B, and SARS-CoV-2 were 8.7%, 12.9%, 8%, 7.6%, 1.9%, 0%, and 15.2%, respectively. There was a clear association between specific viruses and some clinical symptoms, such as RSV with pneumonia, and HPIV-1 with cyanosis. Co-infections were linked to severe outcomes, including pneumonia and seizures. Among all 264 patients, 5 died, and 3 of them had underlying diseases. All fatal cases tested positive for at least one virus, with HMPV being the most frequently detected.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\\n \\n <p>This study highlights the considerable impact of ARIs among children under five in Golestan Province, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. 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Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Iranian Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a significant global health concern, especially in children under five, causing approximately 4.3 million annual deaths. ARIs are mainly caused by respiratory viruses. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has altered the circulation of respiratory viruses. This study investigates the epidemiology and clinical features of respiratory viruses in hospitalized children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods
A total of 264 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from hospitalized children between October 2021 to March 2022 at Taleghani Children's Hospital, Gorgan, Iran. The frequency of various respiratory viruses, including human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV1-4), influenza viruses A and B (FLU-A, B), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected using a SYBR green-based real-time PCR assay.
Results
Out of the 264 hospitalized children, 88.2% (233) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus, with 60.2% (159) showing co-infections and 28% (74) having single infections. The most frequently detected were HRV (56.4%), HMPV (53%), and RSV (18.2%). The proportions of HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, HPIV-4, FLU-A, FLU-B, and SARS-CoV-2 were 8.7%, 12.9%, 8%, 7.6%, 1.9%, 0%, and 15.2%, respectively. There was a clear association between specific viruses and some clinical symptoms, such as RSV with pneumonia, and HPIV-1 with cyanosis. Co-infections were linked to severe outcomes, including pneumonia and seizures. Among all 264 patients, 5 died, and 3 of them had underlying diseases. All fatal cases tested positive for at least one virus, with HMPV being the most frequently detected.
Conclusions
This study highlights the considerable impact of ARIs among children under five in Golestan Province, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of early detection and ongoing surveillance, particularly in high-risk pediatric populations and across diverse geographic areas.
期刊介绍：
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease is a peer-reviewed, open access, interdisciplinary journal providing rapid publication of research across the broad field of immunology. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease gives rapid consideration to papers in all areas of clinical and basic research. The journal is indexed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (part of Web of Science), among others. It welcomes original work that enhances the understanding of immunology in areas including:
• cellular and molecular immunology
• clinical immunology
• allergy
• immunochemistry
• immunogenetics
• immune signalling
• immune development
• imaging
• mathematical modelling
• autoimmunity
• transplantation immunology
• cancer immunology
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