Michael Méndez-Rivera, Didier Ramírez-Morales, Abel Mora-Machado, Heike Pröhl, Ariel Rodríguez, Takuya Okada, Naoki Toyooka, Roberto Ibáñez, Carlos E Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Giselle Tamayo-Castillo
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Acute toxicity of frog-skin-homologous synthetic alkaloids and frog-skin extracts: miniaturized test to evaluate toxicity with Daphnia magna.
The determination of toxicity in samples from natural extracts or products of organic synthesis represents a challenge due to the low available volume of these kinds of matrices. A miniaturized immobilization acute test in Daphnia magna was implemented at microplate-scale to determine the relative toxicity in 13 synthetic alkaloids, analogous to those found in the skin of frogs, and skin-extracts from 18 individuals of the frog Oophaga vicentei. The test revealed moderate or moderate to low toxicity towards the daphnids for all tested synthetic alkaloids after a 48-h exposure. The correlation of relative toxicity and several parameters in frog samples revealed that: (i) toxicity is not associated with frog coloration (aposematism) or their geographical location; and (ii) toxicity is dependent on the profile of alkaloid composition rather than the total alkaloid content. Results from this work provide an alternative method to assay toxicity in limited-volume samples, useful to elucidate potential aposematic-related differences in dendrobatid frogs.
期刊介绍：
Toxicon has an open access mirror Toxicon: X, sharing the same aims and scope, editorial team, submission system and rigorous peer review. An introductory offer Toxicon: X - full waiver of the Open Access fee.
Toxicon''s "aims and scope" are to publish:
-articles containing the results of original research on problems related to toxins derived from animals, plants and microorganisms
-papers on novel findings related to the chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological properties of natural toxins
-molecular biological studies of toxins and other genes from poisonous and venomous organisms that advance understanding of the role or function of toxins
-clinical observations on poisoning and envenoming where a new therapeutic principle has been proposed or a decidedly superior clinical result has been obtained.
-material on the use of toxins as tools in studying biological processes and material on subjects related to venom and antivenom problems.
-articles on the translational application of toxins, for example as drugs and insecticides
-epidemiological studies on envenoming or poisoning, so long as they highlight a previously unrecognised medical problem or provide insight into the prevention or medical treatment of envenoming or poisoning. Retrospective surveys of hospital records, especially those lacking species identification, will not be considered for publication. Properly designed prospective community-based surveys are strongly encouraged.
-articles describing well-known activities of venoms, such as antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities of arachnid venoms, without any attempt to define the mechanism of action or purify the active component, will not be considered for publication in Toxicon.
-review articles on problems related to toxinology.
To encourage the exchange of ideas, sections of the journal may be devoted to Short Communications, Letters to the Editor and activities of the affiliated societies.
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