Nutritional Value, Health Properties, Safety Considerations, and Consumer Acceptance of Lemnoideae as Human Food.

Background: The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food has drawn attention to aquatic plants, particularly those of the Lemnoideae subfamily, commonly known as duckweed. These fast-growing plants are rich in high-quality protein and offer an attractive alternative to traditional plant and animal protein sources, especially in the context of targeted nutrition and sustainable diets.

Methods: This review is a critical assessment of Lemnoideae potential as a functional food ingredient for various population groups, including vegans, diabetics, the elderly, and individuals with specific dietary needs. Their amino acid profile, protein digestibility, allergenicity, and bioactive compound content are evaluated in the paper. Also examined are health-related outcomes and applications, including clinical and space nutrition, alongside current barriers such as limited consumer acceptance and regulatory hurdles.

Results and conclusions: Lemnoideae demonstrate a favorable amino acid profile, high digestibility, and low allergenic potential. They are a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and show promising effects in managing metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Legal approvals in the EU and U.S. mark a shift towards broader acceptance. While sensory attributes and consumer unfamiliarity remain challenges, the findings allow us to highlight Lemnoideae as a promising next-generation plant protein source that could contribute to sustainable food systems and support the development of novel functional foods tailored to specific dietary needs.