Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance in Chilo suppressalis.

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the major pests in rice-growing areas. Its larvae feed on rice stems, causing symptoms of rice dead sheaths, dead hearts, and withered ears, resulting in heavy rice yield losses. Chemical insecticides remain the cornerstone of control strategies; however, the rapid development of resistance to multiple insecticide classes has emerged as a critical challenge to farmers and pest control specialists. Advanced methods utilizing molecular and gene sequence data from field-collected C. suppressalis populations, both resistant and susceptible, have provided a deeper understanding of the resistance mechanisms in this pest. Several components of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) programs serve as countermeasures to insecticide resistance in this pest. In the current review, we concentrate on insecticide resistance development, molecular mechanisms and resistance management of C. suppressalis.