Associations Between Overparenting and Offspring's Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis of Multiple Moderators.

Despite overparenting being considered a critical factor associated with offspring's mental health, the existing research on this topic has yielded inconsistent results. The current study aimed to examine the relationship between overparenting and various mental health outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being, through an analysis of effect size. Furthermore, potential moderators, including developmental stage (indexed by age), gender, information informants, study design, and cultural factors, were also examined. A total of 44 studies (N = 21,607) were identified in the meta-analysis, with 34 studies examining anxiety, 32 studies examining depression, 13 studies examining life satisfaction, and three studies examining subjective well-being. The results revealed a positive yet small association between overparenting and mental health indicators (r_anxiety = 0.16, r_depression = 0.20, r_{life satisfaction} = 0.09, ps < 0.001), except for subjective well-being (r_{subjective well-being} = 0.09, p > 0.001). Moderator analyses showed that the high heterogeneity across studies was explained by culture, parents' gender, and developmental stage. These findings emphasize that overparenting is linked to mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression. This study also suggests that heterogeneity should be considered for future clinical interventions and parenting-based educational programs.