Stephanie Antons, Annika Brandtner, Andreas Oelker, Patrick Trotzke, Elisa Wegmann, Matthias Brand, Silke M Müller
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Study 1 followed a correlative design to test for internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. Study 2 used an experimental within-subjects design with two conditions including a craving induction and three repeated craving measures.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Study 1 was conducted online. Study 2 took place in a German laboratory in individual sessions.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Participants were assigned to a survey (study 1) or condition (study 2) for one specific (potentially) addictive behavior (i.e. gaming, gambling, buying-shopping, pornography use, social network use, alcohol use, cannabis use and nicotine use) of those behaviors that they indicated that they felt they had used 'too much' in the past twelve months. Study 1: n = 1659 (58.5% female). Study 2: n = 287 (56.8% female). Samples were similarly distributed across the different behaviors.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>We used the CASBAS specified for the respective behavior plus convergent and divergent measures (study 1). In study 2, participants underwent an imagery-based neutral (i.e. brushing teeth) and behavior-specific (e.g. gaming/alcohol use) desire thinking task with CASBAS assessments before and after each task.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>In study 1, the assumed three-factorial structure of the CASBAS was confirmed: the second-order model with a general craving factor fitted best, overall and per behavior (comparative fit indices and Tucker-Lewis indices > 0.95; standardized root mean square residuals < 0.04). The CASBAS proved to be valid by correlating highly with other craving measures (rs > 0.58) and lowly with divergent measures (rs < 0.10). Study 2 revealed significant differences in CASBAS ratings between measurements (i.e. craving decrease after neutral 'teeth brushing' condition and increase after addictive-behavior-specific condition), which indicates the CASBAS' sensitivity towards state changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A newly developed short scale for measuring subjective feelings of acute craving [the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS)] appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, able to detect increases in craving when people are exposed to behavior-specific cues, and applicable across a range of addictive behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":109,"journal":{"name":"Addiction","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Psychometric evaluation of a trans-addiction craving questionnaire: The Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS).\",\"authors\":\"Stephanie Antons, Annika Brandtner, Andreas Oelker, Patrick Trotzke, Elisa Wegmann, Matthias Brand, Silke M Müller\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/add.70197\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Craving is a central construct across different kinds of addictive disorders, but craving assessments are highly heterogeneous. Our aim was to develop a valid, standardized and short scale for assessing subjective feelings of acute craving for different substances and addictive behaviors using the same set of items. We aimed to test the resulting scale, the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS) for factor structure (proposing three factors: reward craving, relief craving, urgency) and validity (study 1) and sensitivity to changes in state craving perception (study 2).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>We conducted two independent studies. Study 1 followed a correlative design to test for internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. Study 2 used an experimental within-subjects design with two conditions including a craving induction and three repeated craving measures.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Study 1 was conducted online. Study 2 took place in a German laboratory in individual sessions.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Participants were assigned to a survey (study 1) or condition (study 2) for one specific (potentially) addictive behavior (i.e. gaming, gambling, buying-shopping, pornography use, social network use, alcohol use, cannabis use and nicotine use) of those behaviors that they indicated that they felt they had used 'too much' in the past twelve months. Study 1: n = 1659 (58.5% female). Study 2: n = 287 (56.8% female). Samples were similarly distributed across the different behaviors.</p><p><strong>Measurements: </strong>We used the CASBAS specified for the respective behavior plus convergent and divergent measures (study 1). In study 2, participants underwent an imagery-based neutral (i.e. brushing teeth) and behavior-specific (e.g. gaming/alcohol use) desire thinking task with CASBAS assessments before and after each task.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>In study 1, the assumed three-factorial structure of the CASBAS was confirmed: the second-order model with a general craving factor fitted best, overall and per behavior (comparative fit indices and Tucker-Lewis indices > 0.95; standardized root mean square residuals < 0.04). The CASBAS proved to be valid by correlating highly with other craving measures (rs > 0.58) and lowly with divergent measures (rs < 0.10). 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Psychometric evaluation of a trans-addiction craving questionnaire: The Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS).
Background and aims: Craving is a central construct across different kinds of addictive disorders, but craving assessments are highly heterogeneous. Our aim was to develop a valid, standardized and short scale for assessing subjective feelings of acute craving for different substances and addictive behaviors using the same set of items. We aimed to test the resulting scale, the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS) for factor structure (proposing three factors: reward craving, relief craving, urgency) and validity (study 1) and sensitivity to changes in state craving perception (study 2).
Design: We conducted two independent studies. Study 1 followed a correlative design to test for internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity. Study 2 used an experimental within-subjects design with two conditions including a craving induction and three repeated craving measures.
Setting: Study 1 was conducted online. Study 2 took place in a German laboratory in individual sessions.
Participants: Participants were assigned to a survey (study 1) or condition (study 2) for one specific (potentially) addictive behavior (i.e. gaming, gambling, buying-shopping, pornography use, social network use, alcohol use, cannabis use and nicotine use) of those behaviors that they indicated that they felt they had used 'too much' in the past twelve months. Study 1: n = 1659 (58.5% female). Study 2: n = 287 (56.8% female). Samples were similarly distributed across the different behaviors.
Measurements: We used the CASBAS specified for the respective behavior plus convergent and divergent measures (study 1). In study 2, participants underwent an imagery-based neutral (i.e. brushing teeth) and behavior-specific (e.g. gaming/alcohol use) desire thinking task with CASBAS assessments before and after each task.
Findings: In study 1, the assumed three-factorial structure of the CASBAS was confirmed: the second-order model with a general craving factor fitted best, overall and per behavior (comparative fit indices and Tucker-Lewis indices > 0.95; standardized root mean square residuals < 0.04). The CASBAS proved to be valid by correlating highly with other craving measures (rs > 0.58) and lowly with divergent measures (rs < 0.10). Study 2 revealed significant differences in CASBAS ratings between measurements (i.e. craving decrease after neutral 'teeth brushing' condition and increase after addictive-behavior-specific condition), which indicates the CASBAS' sensitivity towards state changes.
Conclusions: A newly developed short scale for measuring subjective feelings of acute craving [the Craving Assessment Scale for Behavioral Addictions and Substance-use Disorders (CASBAS)] appears to be a reliable and valid instrument, able to detect increases in craving when people are exposed to behavior-specific cues, and applicable across a range of addictive behaviors.
期刊介绍:
Addiction publishes peer-reviewed research reports on pharmacological and behavioural addictions, bringing together research conducted within many different disciplines.
Its goal is to serve international and interdisciplinary scientific and clinical communication, to strengthen links between science and policy, and to stimulate and enhance the quality of debate. We seek submissions that are not only technically competent but are also original and contain information or ideas of fresh interest to our international readership. We seek to serve low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries as well as more economically developed countries.
Addiction’s scope spans human experimental, epidemiological, social science, historical, clinical and policy research relating to addiction, primarily but not exclusively in the areas of psychoactive substance use and/or gambling. In addition to original research, the journal features editorials, commentaries, reviews, letters, and book reviews.