Prevalence, severity and factors of hearing loss in hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study in Northern Tanzania

Background

Hearing loss, affecting 20% of the global population, disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries, including Africa. Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is prevalent among hemodialysis patients. In Tanzania, the growing number of hemodialysis patients highlights the need for hearing assessments. Previous studies may have underestimated hearing loss prevalence by excluding key comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension.

Aim

To determine the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of hearing loss among patients undergoing hemodialysis at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC).

Methods

This analytical hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at KCMC using a convenient sampling technique. Demographic and clinical data, including histories of renal disease, diabetes, hypertension, HIV, autoimmune diseases, and medication use, were collected via a structured questionnaire. Basic audiological assessments were performed using a pure-tone audiometer. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression with IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25).

Results

Bilateral SNHL was observed in 38.2% of patients, with 57.2% experiencing mild hearing loss, 35.7% moderate hearing loss, and 7.1% moderately severe hearing loss. Factors associated with hearing loss included advanced age (>60 years), longer duration on hemodialysis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion

Mild bilateral SNHL was prevalent among hemodialysis patients. Key factors contributing to hearing loss were older age, prolonged hemodialysis, diabetes, and hypertension. Implementing a protocol for regular hearing assessments in this population is essential.