Role of irisin in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders and its therapeutic potential

Irisin, a myokine produced by cleaving fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), is a key regulator of metabolic processes and cardiovascular health. Its discovery in 2012 sparked significant interest due to its potential to impact fat and glucose metabolism, convert white fat to brown, and reduce inflammation—crucial in managing metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes. Found in various tissues, including the brain, liver, heart, kidneys, and skeletal muscle, irisin has been linked to improved metabolic dysregulation and increased energy expenditure. Moreover, it has the potential to enhance endothelial function, reduce oxidative stress, and possibly regulate blood pressure, all contributing to improved cardiovascular health. This review explores the promising potential of irisin as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), metabolic syndrome, and related conditions. While more research is needed to fully understand its pathways, the future of irisin-based therapies in clinical settings looks promising.