Exploratory Assessment of Lead–Zinc Mineralization in Bangalela area Central Benue Trough Nigeria Using Integrated Ground Geophysical Data

Following the recent global energy transition needs, there is an increased demand for metallic deposits like lead–zinc ores which are critical raw materials for manufacturing industries that provide low-carbon energy solutions. Nigeria is blessed with abundant lead–zinc deposits scattered in different parts of the country. However, detailed knowledge of the quantity, distribution, and geometry of these economic resources within the central part of the Benue Trough is yet to be fully established. Geophysical data provides a robust exploration technique for accurate characterization of the mineralization potentials of an area. In this study, integrated interpretation of ground magnetic (GM), electromagnetic very low frequency (EM-VLF), electrical resistivity (ER), and induced polarization (IP) data were carried out to investigate the lead–zinc mineralization potentials of the Bangalela area, Central Benue Trough, Nigeria. The filtered GM data highlighted the contacts and boundaries of linear, and rounded to subrounded geological features that may have enhanced the formation of lead–zinc deposits in the area. The EM-VLF and ER/IP data revealed high chargeability and highly conductive signatures that may represent potential prospective mineralization zones. Fresh core samples obtained from two Drill Points confirmed these anomalies to be lead–zinc ore deposits. A 3D voxel model created based on the isosurface threshold values of < 160 Ωm and > 15 ms offered better insight into the geometry and spatial distribution of the identified chargeable bodies located at depths shallower than 60 m beneath the surface. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of deploying and integrating geophysical (GM, EM-VLF, and ER/IP) methods for a successful lead–zinc mineral exploration program in the Central Benue Trough and adjoining areas.