Vibration analysis of smart sandwich nanoplate incorporating butterfly auxetic core and piezoelectric face layers under thermal field

This study comprehensively analyses the dynamic, thermal and electromechanical behaviour of sandwich plates with butterfly-shaped auxetic core. The structures, where the top and bottom layers are PZT-5H and the core is SUS304 stainless steel, are investigated under different geometric ratios (β₁, β₂), inclination angles (α₁, α₂), thickness scaling (h, h_c, h_p) and applied thermal and electromechanical loads. It was observed that the softening of material properties with increasing temperature leads to a decrease in natural frequencies and early buckling in the range of approximately 1450–1500 K, while piezoelectric interaction and nonlocal parameters (e₀a, l_m) significantly modify the system dynamics. The results show that the changes in structural stiffness, mode interactions and loss of stability at critical temperature values are the main parameters to be optimized in the design of sandwich plates. These findings provide important reference information for the design and optimization of sandwich structures for advanced auxetic, vibration control and energy conversion applications.