Effect of automobile exhaust emission on human health and environment in India: a systematic review

The paper discusses vehicles that generate air pollution more than any other human activity. Public transportation is done in two ways: formal and informal. It is the responsibility of the government to provide public transportation. As the population is increasing daily, government transportation cannot fulfil the demand for vehicles like public government buses. So in some rural and developing countries, the public does not get the proper mode of shifting due to a lack of transportation facilities. Private vehicles like auto-rickshaws, vans, jeeps, and minibuses are informally overloaded with the public, and transportation is done. It is noted that in India, most transportation is done in an informal way, which is against the policy and norms. This informal way of transportation leads to environmental pollution and health effects by emitting air pollution. Using different fuels in vehicles and overloading the passengers in informal transportation lead to unsafe modes. There is a research gap between people’s knowledge of public and traffic norms, so it is important to survey the vehicle and transportation facilities. Furthermore, this review paper gives the idea of health effects, types of air pollution, emission control systems, and norms, including individual and public efforts to minimize air pollution.