Advances in fundamental materials and design strategies for electromagnetic shielding composites

With the widespread application of 5G technology and the rapid development of electronic device miniaturization, electromagnetic radiation interference has become an increasingly critical concern. To meet the requirements of new-generation portable wearable electronic devices for electromagnetic interference shielding in terms of environmental friendliness, sustainability, lightweight, and high strength characteristics, novel shielding materials represented by carbon-based materials, MXene, and biomass materials, have emerged. To optimize the electromagnetic shielding composites for higher efficiency, researchers have proposed multifaceted strategies, including material design strategies (e.g., combinations of one-dimensional and two-dimensional materials or conductive and magnetic materials), structural design strategies (e.g., porous structures, multilayer structures, and core-shell structures), and reinforced absorption design strategies. This study provides a concise review of representative electromagnetic interference shielding raw materials, with a focus on the development status of novel biomass electromagnetic shielding materials represented by wood, lignin, and cellulose. The advantages and disadvantages of various electromagnetic shielding materials are systematically analyzed. For the first time, a summary of transdisciplinary multiscale design strategies is provided to promote the development of electromagnetic shielding techniques.