Development of UAD-ICP-OES Method for Determination of Multi-Element in Wine Beverages: Evaluating Human Health Risk Assessment and Method Greenness Index

The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective “green” ultrasound-assisted dilution (UAD) for the extraction of major (Na, Ca, k, Mg, B, Ba, and Al) and trace elements (Ni, As, Pb, Sb, Ti, Cd, Co, V, Cr, and Cu) from red wine samples prior to analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). A multivariate optimization tool was used for the assessment of the optimum method extraction parameters, which were 3 M, 2 mL, 30 min, and 70 °C for HNO₃ concentration, wine volume, extraction time, and ultrasound temperature, respectively. The developed UAD method reported very high LOQ that ranged from 26 to 1040 µg/L, precision of ≤ 6.3%, and accuracy ranging from 92 to 101%. Based on the results obtained, all the detected metals except for Na were above the SANS 241 drinking water standard, while in comparison to OIV standards, all the metals exceeded the maximum permissible limit except B. Human health risk was assessed using various assessment indices, and the results obtained indicated a significant risk to human health posed by metal contaminated wine consumption. The greenness of the method to comply with green chemistry principles was assessed using various metrics tools such as NEMI, AES, and AGREE. When comparing the results obtained from all these tools, they all qualified the proposed method as green.