Single-atom alloys for sustainability-related electrocatalytic applications

Single-atom alloy catalysts represent a novel and advanced category of materials in heterogeneous catalysis, attracting considerable interest in electrochemical power storage and utilization because of the distinctive structural attributes and remarkable catalytic capabilities. By establishing atomically precise arrangements of catalytic centers on metallic surfaces, single-atom alloy create highly efficient active sites with near-perfect atomic utilization. The robust electronic coupling and geometric interactions between the atomic-scale precision sites and the supporting metal matrix impart exceptional catalytic properties, such as improved kinetic performance, precise molecular recognition, and prolonged operational durability. In essence, the structural integrity of the isolated metal active sites in single-atom alloy, combined with their precisely tunable coordination environments, substantially boosts the electrochemical performance and catalytic efficiency. This review begins by introducing and discussing the fundamental concepts and inherent attributes of single-atom alloy. The methodological framework for single-atom alloy development was systematically examined, encompassing architectural design principles, fabrication methodologies, and analytical characterization techniques. Following this, the comprehensive summarization was conducted regarding the implementation of single-atom alloy catalysts in energy transformation technologies, with specific emphasis on fuel cells and environmentally electrochemical processes. Finally, forward-looking insights and perspectives are presented on the current challenges facing the development of single-atom alloy catalysts.