Optimization of Fuel Injection Parameters for Enhanced Performance and Emission Reduction in a Diesel Engine Using Animal Fat–Based Biodiesel Blends

This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using a blend of 20% animal fat-based biodiesel (AFB20) under various FIPs (fuel injection pressures) and FITs (fuel injection timing). The objective was to optimize these parameters to enhance engine efficiency and reduce emissions. The experimental setup included a vertical, single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine equipped with an eddy current dynamometer and an exhaust gas analyzer. Methods involved varying the FIP between 180 and 240 bar and the FIT from 19 to 27° before the top dead center (TDC). Key performance indicators such as BSFC, BTE, and EGT were measured. Emissions of CO, UBHC, NOx, and smoke were also recorded. Results showed that at 200 bar FIP, the engine exhibited the lowest BSFC of 0.26 g/kWh and the highest BTE of 32.57%. The optimal FIT was 23° bTDC, achieving a BTE of 33.8% and a significant reduction in NOx emissions by 15.07%. Higher FIPs improved atomization, leading to better combustion and lower emissions of UBHC and CO. However, NOx emissions were higher at increased FIPs due to higher combustion temperatures. The study concludes that a FIP of 200 bar and a FIT of 23° bTDC are optimal for achieving improved engine performance and reduced emissions.