Research advances in sample pretreatment techniques for pesticide residues

Pesticide residue analysis is fundamental to food safety and environmental protection, where sample pretreatment critically determines detection accuracy. This review examines the evolution from traditional methods (Soxhlet extraction, liquid-liquid extraction) to contemporary mainstream technologies (solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS, microextraction), and explores future prospects. Modern techniques like microextraction (SPME, DLLME) and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) have significantly enhanced efficiency while reducing solvent consumption by 90–95 %. The QuEChERS methodology has become the gold standard for multiresidue analysis in complex matrices. Future advancements focus on the miniaturization of analytical systems, suitable greener methodologies, and the development of advanced techniques for complex matrices and ultra-trace analysis.