Health-promoting mechanisms and food applications of Sambucus nigra L.: A comprehensive review

This review systematically examines the phytochemical composition of Sambucus nigra L. (SN) —particularly terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids—and their structure-function relationships in food matrices. We analyze traditional uses, modern applications in functional foods, and underlying molecular mechanisms through comprehensive literature evaluation. SN's health benefits primarily stem from flavonoid-mediated modulation of NF-κB and PPARγ pathways, demonstrating dose-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, its anthocyanins demonstrate significant potential in natural food preservation and immune-support applications. Despite these advantages, challenges persist in standardizing bioactive compounds and substantiating health claims. The study underscores the groundbreaking method of amalgamating traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific evidence to propose strategies for enhancing bioavailability and creating functional foods from elderberry.