Exploring operational barriers in microbial fuel cells: Enhancing energy recovery from wastewater

In response to global demands for more efficient energy and water management amidst environmental crises, wastewater is increasingly valued not just as a waste product but as a potential source of renewable energy. Microbial Fuel Cells are at the forefront of this transformation, capable of directly converting organic substrates found in wastewater into electrical energy through the activity of electrogenic bacteria. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements over the past two decades in Microbial Fuel Cell technology, focusing on improvements in system design, material selection, and operational efficacy that reduce costs and enhance energy efficiency. It examines key factors including internal resistance, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, organic loading rate, and optimal conditions such as temperature (20–35 °C) and pH (6.3–7.8) in maximizing the performance of Microbial Fuel Cells. Despite significant technological advances, several barriers remain that prevent the widespread commercial application of Microbial Fuel Cells, including high investment costs and limited scalability. Addressing these challenges is crucial for realizing the full potential of Microbial Fuel Cells in sustainable wastewater management. This review underscores the critical operational parameters that influence Microbial Fuel Cell efficiency, proposing strategies to overcome existing limitations and enhance the energy recovery process.