Seismic response and progressive failure patterns of shattered slopes controlled by non-persistent joints: insights from shaking table tests and numerical simulations

The non-persistent discontinuities from earthquake-induced shattering exert a dominant control on the dynamic behavior of slopes. This study investigates the seismic response and progressive failure of shattered slopes governed by these joints through large-scale shaking table tests and discrete element method (DEM) simulations. Key findings reveal that a controlling non-persistent joint shifts the peak seismic response from the crest to the vicinity of the joint opening, thereby expanding the high-response zone. Crucially, the response patterns from early, low-amplitude shaking accurately delineate the ultimate failure zone. The progressive failure mechanism evolves through three distinct stages: (1) tensile fracturing of the slope shoulder, (2) rock bridge penetration to form the primary sliding surface, and (3) propagation of a secondary sliding surface. This work clarifies the dual role of non-persistent joints in modifying seismic demand and governing failure, providing a more precise framework for assessing and mitigating seismic slope hazards.