Radiographic Evaluation of Impacted and Transmigrant Canines: Prevalence and Sex-Based Differences in an Orthodontic Cohort.

Background/Objectives: Impacted teeth are characterized by having more than three-quarters of root development completed, however failing to erupt or demonstrate imminent eruption, as evidenced both by clinical and radiographic evaluation. Canine impaction is an entity of clinical significance considering its potential to affect both oral function and facial aesthetics. If not appropriately managed, this condition may adversely impact functional occlusion and structural smile integrity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of impacted and transmigrant canines in a Greek orthodontic cohort and identify potential sex-based differences. Methods: A total of 2594 panoramic radiographs and clinical records of consecutive patients in the mixed and permanent dentition stages, treated at the Department of Orthodontics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, were retrospectively retrieved and analyzed to detect the presence of impacted and transmigrant canines. Patients lacking complete clinical records or panoramic radiograph, undergoing or had undergone orthodontic treatment, or presenting conditions affecting normal permanent dentition development, including pathological conditions, cleft lip and palate or hereditary disorders, were excluded. Results: At least one impacted canine was detected in 109 patients (67% females, 33% males), with a median age of 15 years (IQR: 13-18), documenting a 4.2% prevalence (6.97% females, 2.32% males). The frequency of maxillary canine impaction was 3.97%, while in the mandible a frequency of 0.46% was reported. The frequency of bilateral canine impaction was 1%, with it being present in 25.7% of patients with canine impaction. The prevalence of transmigrant canines was 0.11%, with detection solely in the mandible. A statistically significant sex difference was detected solely in the prevalence of impaction. Conclusions: Considering the implications of canine impaction, the epidemiological investigation of this entity may facilitate an early diagnosis and treatment.