Treatment Options in Impacted Maxillary Canines: A Literature Review.

Background: Impaction of maxillary canines is a frequent clinical challenge in orthodontics. Early diagnosis is key to effective management. Methods: This narrative review included studies published from 2004 to 2024. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (September-November 2024), using predefined eligibility criteria. The selection and drafting were completed in the following months. Studies involving orthopedic, orthodontic, or surgical-orthodontic management of impacted maxillary canines were included. Case reports and procedures limited to avulsion or transplantation were excluded. Results: A total of 10 studies were analyzed, comprising 5529 patients, of whom 2530 met the criteria for treatment-specific analysis. Surgical exposure with orthodontic traction was the most frequent treatment (72%), followed by monitoring (12%), maxillary expansion (6%), and extractions (10%). Interceptive approaches were mainly applied in patients aged 7-18 years, with favorable outcomes especially before age 12. In adults, more invasive treatments were required, often with reduced success rates. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and interceptive extraction of deciduous canines reduce treatment complexity and improve success. Therapeutic outcomes are strongly influenced by patient age, tooth position, and angulation. A structured, radiographically guided approach, supported by the proposed decision-making flowchart, may optimize clinical outcomes. However, heterogeneity of included studies and lack of long-term follow-up limit the strength of available evidence.