农业活性氮:排放、空气质量和气候影响综述

IF 8.1 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Lina Luo, Biao Luo, Amos P. K. Tai
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引用次数: 0

摘要

随着化石燃料相关排放的逐渐减少,农业已成为中国、美国和欧洲等地区活性氮(Nr)的主要来源,对空气污染(包括颗粒物(PM)和表面臭氧(O3))以及气候变化做出了重大贡献。尽管如此,农业在空气质量管理和气候政策中的代表性一直不足。如果没有有效的缓解措施,在粮食需求不断增长和气候变化的推动下,预计农业Nr排放量将增加,进一步加剧其对空气质量和气候的负面影响。本文综述了目前对农业Nr排放及其对大气化学影响的认识,重点讨论了潜在的机制,并指出了研究空白,提出了未来的研究方向。农业碳排放受多种因素影响,通过多种生物和非生物途径释放,具有显著的时空变异性。我们对推动农业Nr排放的潜在机制的理解仍然不完整,目前的排放估计存在很大的不确定性。农业主要通过氨(NH3)排放造成环境PM污染,并通过氧化的Nr物种(包括亚硝酸(HONO)和氮氧化物(NOx))造成地表O3污染。尽管PM和表面O3的化学性质是高度非线性的,对其前体的敏感性差异很大,但农业用Nr正逐渐成为一个关键因素,特别是在化石燃料排放正在下降的地区,如中国、美国和欧洲。据估计,由于一氧化二氮(N2O)的排放和Nr产生的气溶胶的冷却作用,农业用Nr发挥了净冷却作用,尽管这一估计仍然高度不确定。您对驱动农业Nr排放的潜在机制的理解仍然有限,特别是当涉及到极端天气事件期间的间歇性脉冲时。一种知识引导的机器学习方法将地面和空中观测与基于过程的农业生态系统模型相结合,可以为更准确的排放估计提供新的机会。要充分了解还原活性氮和氧化活性氮在影响空气质量和气候方面的作用,需要进一步的研究。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Reactive Nitrogen from Agriculture: A Review of Emissions, Air Quality, and Climate Impacts

Purpose of Review

As fossil fuel–related emissions gradually decline, agriculture has become a major source of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in regions such as China, the USA, and Europe, significantly contributing to air pollution, including particulate matter (PM) and surface ozone (O3), as well as climate change. Despite this, agriculture has historically been underrepresented in air quality management and climate policy. Without effective mitigation, agricultural Nr emissions are expected to rise, driven by growing food demand and climate change, further exacerbating their negative impacts on air quality and the climate. This review provides a process-level overview of the current understanding of agricultural Nr emissions and their effects on atmospheric chemistry, with a focus on the underlying mechanisms, and also highlights research gaps and proposes future research directions.

Recent Findings

Agricultural Nr emissions are influenced by a variety of factors and released through multiple biotic and abiotic pathways, resulting in significant spatial and temporal variability. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving agricultural Nr emissions remains incomplete, and current emission estimates are associated with substantial uncertainties. Agriculture contributes to ambient PM pollution primarily through ammonia (NH3) emissions and to surface O3 pollution via oxidized Nr species, including nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Although the chemistry of PM and surface O3 is highly nonlinear, with sensitivities to their precursors varying widely, agricultural Nr is gradually becoming a key contributor, particularly in regions where fossil fuel emissions are declining, such as China, the USA, and Europe. Agricultural Nr is estimated to exert a net cooling effect, with warming contributions from nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and cooling from aerosols generated by Nr, although this estimate remains highly uncertain.

Summary

Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving agricultural Nr emissions remains limited, particularly when it comes to episodic pulses during extreme weather events. A knowledge-guided machine learning approach that integrates ground and airborne observations with process-based agroecosystem models could offer new opportunities for more accurate emission estimations. Further research is essential to fully understand the role of both reduced and oxidized reactive nitrogen in influencing air quality and climate.

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来源期刊
Current Pollution Reports
Current Pollution Reports Environmental Science-Water Science and Technology
CiteScore
12.10
自引率
1.40%
发文量
31
期刊介绍: Current Pollution Reports provides in-depth review articles contributed by international experts on the most significant developments in the field of environmental pollution.By presenting clear, insightful, balanced reviews that emphasize recently published papers of major importance, the journal elucidates current and emerging approaches to identification, characterization, treatment, management of pollutants and much more.
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