The role of post-translational modifications in the dynamics of cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates in plants.

Cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates are membrane-less structures important for cell homeostasis, especially during stress conditions. These aggregates concentrate RNA, protein, and metabolites during a wide variety of stresses. The formation of cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates was studied extensively in plants, revealing many key actors involved in their nucleation. More recently, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of some of these components appear as a novel layer in cytoplasmic biomolecular condensate formation. Here, we describe the importance of the PTMs in cytoplasmic biomolecular condensate dynamics in plants. We highlight the major contribution of phosphorylation and ubiquitination in these processes and discuss the involvement of other recently discovered PTMs.