Pathological Conditions of the Oral Cavity: Clinical and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Aim: The oral cavity is a complex anatomical and functional unit prone to a wide range of pathological conditions that may impact both oral and systemic health. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most relevant oral pathologies, focusing on clinical features, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic strategies.

Methods: A literature-based narrative review was conducted, analyzing current evidence on benign and malignant mucosal lesions, periodontal and gingival diseases, temporomandibular disorders, salivary gland disorders, oral neuropathies, and oral manifestations of systemic diseases. Emerging diagnostic technologies and therapeutic innovations were also evaluated.

Results: The review highlights the diverse spectrum of oral diseases, their clinical presentations, and management options. Advances in diagnostic imaging, molecular techniques, and biomarker discovery are reshaping early detection and prognostic evaluation. Novel therapeutic approaches, including regenerative medicine, bioactive biomaterials, and telehealth applications, show promise for improving patient care. A multidisciplinary approach remains crucial for comprehensive management.

Conclusion: Oral health is closely linked to systemic health. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and integrated therapeutic strategies are essential to optimize outcomes. Future perspectives lie in the application of personalized medicine, innovative technologies, and interdisciplinary collaboration to advance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in oral pathology.