In-Depth Review of Multiphysics and Circuit Simulation Approaches for Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their high power conversion efficiency and low-cost fabrication using abundant materials. However, a comprehensive understanding of the key physical mechanisms remain limited, despite its importance for future enhancement. Through simulation, PSC designs can be rapidly evaluated and optimized, considering various factors such as physical mechanisms, photoelectric models, device parameters, and equivalent circuits. In recent years, there has been a surge in research focused on device simulations for PSCs, but a clear classification and summary of these simulations remains lacking. This review categorizes PSC device simulations into multiphysics field simulations and circuit simulations, providing an overview of the latest research in both areas to support future PSC design. First, we summarize the common modeling techniques (such as transfer matrices, finite difference time domain, and finite element methods) and basic equations for various models, which not only explore light loss during light generation but also investigate charge recombination mechanisms. Next, we discuss equivalent circuit models, distinguishing between those that account for ion migration and those that do not. The inclusion of ion migration models helps explain changes in the electric field, cell dynamics, and voltage–current hysteresis. Finally, we present future directions for the development of PSC simulations.