Biomass-Derived Porous Crystalline Calcium-Silicates Synthesized from Chicken Eggshell Waste Using Organic Amine Templates: A Case Study for Potential Hemostatic Application

Uncontrollable hemorrhage is a major cause of mortality in accidents, trauma, and medical procedures, highlighting the need for effective hemostatic agents. Zeolites and similar materials are promising due to their adsorption properties and ability to concentrate coagulation factors. This study reports the synthesis of calcium-silicates from chicken eggshell waste using TEA.OH, TPA.OH, and TBA.OH as templates. TPA.OH and TBA.OH direct the formation of rhodesite, a fibrous calcium-silicate, while TEA.OH results in quartz. Materials synthesized with TPA.OH and TBA.OH have surface areas of 53.3–100.3 m² g⁻¹ and mesopores ranging from 5.7 to 27.7 nm with pore volumes of 0.018–0.11 cm³ g⁻¹. In vitro coagulation assays (PT, aPTT) revealed that CaZ-3 and CaZ-4 activate factors within the contact system. The recalcification assay shows a significant reduction in clotting time, indicating action via the intrinsic pathway. Thromboelastographic analysis confirms high hemostatic performance: the material prepared with TBA.OH shows a shorter clot formation time (R = 1.8 ± 0.5 min) and higher maximum clot strength (MA = 52.1 ± 1.3 mm) than QuikClot, demonstrating its potential as an effective, waste-derived hemostatic agent.