Nanoplatform-Based Atherosclerotic Theragnostics via Targeting of Early-Stage Vulnerable Plaques

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the accumulation of lipid with the high concentration of reactive oxygen species, has a profound impact on cardiovascular health. However, developing efficient treatment strategies are challenging due to the complex pathogenesis. In this work, mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles conjugated with mannose were synthesized and employed for targeted treatment of early atherosclerosis. The surface modification of d-mannose imparts intrinsic targeting ability to the delivery system. This mesoporous polydopamine not only converts harmful superoxide anion radicals (^•O^2–) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into harmless water and oxygen but also scavenges highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (^•OH), thereby significantly reducing intracellular ROS levels. More importantly, the system promotes lipid efflux through mild photothermal effects, significantly reducing the risk of plaque rupture. This approach combines mild photothermal therapy with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes.