Dimensional engineering of advanced adsorbents for mitigating micro-nanoplastics pollution

Micro-nanoplastics are now recognized as globally distributed pollutants. Their significance arises from their environmental persistence, ecotoxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies exhibit limited efficiency in removing micro-nanoplastics, creating a critical need for the development of advanced, sustainable sorbent materials. In this review, we propose a novel framework by classifying micro-nanoplastics adsorbents based on their structural dimensionality (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D, and multidimensional), thereby offering a fresh and insightful perspective on the evolution of material design. This dimensional engineering strategy allows systematic analysis of adsorption mechanisms, optimization of material architecture, and elucidation of synergistic effects in multidimensional composites. We provide a comprehensive overview of design principles, synthesis routes, and functional modifications, highlighting how dimensional tailoring governs sorption efficiency and environmental applicability. Finally, we identify critical challenges and outline future research pathways to guide innovation in advanced micro-nanoplastics remediation technologies.