斋月禁食对新诊断高血压患者血压和肾功能的影响:土耳其科尼亚的一项研究

IF 2.5 3区 医学 Q2 PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Hüseyin Tezcan, Zafer Büyükterzi
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我们真诚地感谢Kalcik博士和同事对我们的文章“斋月禁食对新诊断高血压患者血压和肾功能的影响:一项在土耳其科尼亚的研究”的周到评论。在这项回顾性的单中心研究中,我们研究了斋月期间短期(1个月)的血压轨迹和肾脏安全性,研究对象是新诊断的高血压成年人,均采用ACEI/ARB +氢氯噻嗪治疗方案。令人鼓舞的是,我们的研究结果——与禁食组和非禁食组的月末血压相似,肌酐或egfr没有恶化——引发了建设性的讨论。信中提出的许多方法上的考虑在我们的文章中得到了承认,我们感谢有机会在本答复中对这些考虑加以扩展。我们同意回顾性的单中心设计限制了因果推理和推广。正如我们的局限性中所指出的,这是一项产生假设的研究,我们故意使用统一的ACEI/ARB +氢氯噻嗪方案,以最大限度地减少治疗异质性,并更好地分离禁食[1]的影响。合乎逻辑的下一步是在不同的抗高血压类别和人群中进行前瞻性的多中心研究。关于治疗类别,我们有意将治疗限制为ACEI/ARB +低剂量氢氯噻嗪,以最大限度地减少药理学异质性,因为当代指南支持最初的两种药物联合,将肾素-血管紧张素系统阻滞剂与钙通道阻滞剂或噻嗪类/噻嗪类利尿剂[2]配对。在斋月预期的白天缺水的背景下,该设计使我们能够实用地评估噻嗪成分是否会沉淀与体积相关的不良反应或代谢/电解质紊乱;在我们的队列中,我们在1个月时没有观察到有临床意义的电解质变化或肾脏恶化。先前的证据同样表明,在适当监测bbb的情况下,斋月期间以利尿剂为基础的方案可以很好地耐受。我们同意,方案特异性效应需要在前瞻性多中心研究中得到证实,这些研究也包括基于CCB的联合用药。我们同意饮食中的钠和水合作用是主要的混杂因素。正如我们的局限性(第5页)中明确指出的那样,回顾性设计排除了钠/糖和每日液体摄入量的可靠量化;没有收集结构化的食物频率问卷,也没有收集24小时尿钠等生化指标。因此,我们建议前瞻性研究纳入标准化ffq和客观测量(如24小时尿钠),以更好地分离斋月禁食对血压和肾脏预后的独立影响。我们完全同意并认为这是我们研究中最重要的缺点,即斋月期间未测量的睡眠和昼夜节律中断可能会混淆BP轨迹。正如我们在Discussion(第3页)中所指出的,睡眠模式可以影响血压变异性,但我们在回顾性分析中没有量化睡眠。斋月与睡眠时间推迟、总睡眠时间缩短、睡眠结构改变(尤其是快速眼动睡眠减少)以及白天嗜睡增加有关,这些变化会改变自主神经平衡和血压节律。睡眠不规律本身与夜间下降迟钝和更大的血压变异性有关,这与不利的心血管风险有关。因此,未来的方案应结合有效的睡眠评估(如PSQI、Epworth)、活动描记术和带时间戳的动态血压监测,将夜间血压/下降状态与睡眠时间和质量[7]结合起来。我们同意,更长的后续行动至关重要。在我们的队列中,1个月的评估显示禁食和非禁食患者之间没有肾脏恶化(稳定的肌酐/eGFR)和相似的月末血压,详细的研究结果见表2 - 4,这在短期内是令人放心的,但不能解决反复每年禁食的潜在累积效应。因此,正如我们在局限性和结论中概述的那样,我们提倡采用多年、多中心队列来跟踪治疗方案中肾脏和心血管的长期发展轨迹。我们感谢卡尔西克博士及其同事的建设性见解和澄清一致意见的机会。与他们的意见一致,也反映在我们的数据中,我们相信我们的研究结果在临床监督下为新诊断的高血压患者使用含利尿剂ACEI/ARB方案治疗提供了短期的保证,同时我们完全支持多中心、方案多样化、更长的前瞻性研究来确定长期结果。所有作者都对计划、写作和修订做出了贡献。作者没有什么可报告的。作者声明无利益冲突。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Pressure and Kidney Functions in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients: A Study in Konya, Turkey

Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Pressure and Kidney Functions in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients: A Study in Konya, Turkey

Dear Editor,

We sincerely thank Dr. Kalcik and colleagues for their thoughtful comments on our article, “Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Pressure and Kidney Functions in Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients: A Study in Konya, Turkey.” In that retrospective, single-center study of newly diagnosed hypertensive adults uniformly initiated on an ACEI/ARB plus hydrochlorothiazide regimen, we examined short-term (1-month) blood pressure trajectories and renal safety during Ramadan [1]. We are encouraged that our findings—similar to end-of-month blood pressures between fasting and non-fasting groups and no deterioration in creatinine or eGFR—have prompted constructive discussion. Many of the methodological considerations raised in the letter were acknowledged in our article, and we appreciate the opportunity to expand on them in this response.

We agree that a retrospective, single-center design limits causal inference and generalizability. As noted in our Limitations, this was a hypothesis-generating study in which we deliberately used a uniform ACEI/ARB + hydrochlorothiazide regimen to minimize treatment heterogeneity and better isolate the effect of fasting [1]. The logical next step is a prospective, multicenter investigation across diverse antihypertensive classes and populations.

Regarding therapy class, we intentionally restricted treatment to an ACEI/ARB plus low‑dose hydrochlorothiazide to minimize pharmacologic heterogeneity and because contemporary guidelines endorse initial two‑drug combinations pairing a renin–angiotensin system blocker with either a calcium‑channel blocker or a thiazide/thiazide‑like diuretic [2]. In the Ramadan context of anticipated daytime hypohydration, this design allowed us to pragmatically assess whether the thiazide component would precipitate volume‑related adverse effects or metabolic/electrolyte derangements; in our cohort, we observed neither clinically meaningful electrolyte shifts nor renal deterioration at 1 month. Prior evidence likewise suggests that diuretic‑based regimens can be well tolerated during Ramadan with appropriate monitoring [3]. We agree that regimen‑specific effects warrant confirmation in prospective multicenter studies that also include CCB‑based combinations.

We agree that dietary sodium and hydration are key confounders [4]. As explicitly noted in our Limitations (p. 5), the retrospective design precluded reliable quantification of sodium/sugar and daily fluid intake; neither structured food-frequency questionnaires nor biochemical markers such as 24-h urinary sodium were collected [1]. Accordingly, we proposed that prospective studies incorporate standardized FFQs and objective measures (e.g., 24-h urinary sodium) to better isolate the independent effect of Ramadan fasting on BP and renal outcomes.

We fully agree and consider this the most important shortcoming of our study that unmeasured sleep and circadian disruption during Ramadan could confound BP trajectories. As we noted in the Discussion (p. 3), sleep patterns can influence BP variability, but we did not quantify sleep in this retrospective analysis [1]. Ramadan is associated with delayed bedtimes, shorter total sleep time, altered sleep architecture (notably reduced REM), and increased daytime sleepiness changes that can shift autonomic balance and BP rhythms [5]. Sleep irregularity itself is linked to blunted nocturnal dipping and greater BP variability, which relate to adverse cardiovascular risk [6]. Accordingly, future protocols should incorporate validated sleep assessments (e.g., PSQI, Epworth), actigraphy, and time‑stamped ambulatory BP monitoring to integrate nocturnal BP/dipping status with sleep timing and quality [7].

We agree that longer follow‑up is essential. In our cohort, 1‑month assessments showed no renal deterioration (stable creatinine/eGFR) and similar end‑of‑month blood pressures between fasting and non‑fasting patients—findings detailed in Tables 2–4—which are reassuring in the short term but cannot address potential cumulative effects from repeated annual fasting. Accordingly, as outlined in our Limitations and Conclusion, we advocate multi‑year, multicenter cohorts to track long‑term renal and cardiovascular trajectories across therapy regimens.

We thank Dr. Kalcik and colleagues for their constructive insights and the opportunity to clarify points of agreement. In line with their comments—and as reflected in our data—we believe our findings offer short-term reassurance under clinical supervision for newly diagnosed hypertensives treated with a diuretic-containing ACEI/ARB regimen, while we fully endorse multicenter, regimen-diverse, longer prospective studies to define long-term outcomes.

All authors contributed to the planning, writing, and revision.

The authors have nothing to report.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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来源期刊
Journal of Clinical Hypertension
Journal of Clinical Hypertension PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE-
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
7.10%
发文量
191
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Clinical Hypertension is a peer-reviewed, monthly publication that serves internists, cardiologists, nephrologists, endocrinologists, hypertension specialists, primary care practitioners, pharmacists and all professionals interested in hypertension by providing objective, up-to-date information and practical recommendations on the full range of clinical aspects of hypertension. Commentaries and columns by experts in the field provide further insights into our original research articles as well as on major articles published elsewhere. Major guidelines for the management of hypertension are also an important feature of the Journal. Through its partnership with the World Hypertension League, JCH will include a new focus on hypertension and public health, including major policy issues, that features research and reviews related to disease characteristics and management at the population level.
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