Pathogen-driven pregnancy loss in dairy cattle: An overview of diagnostic advances and innovations.

Pregnancy failure or abortion in dairy cattle is a major reproductive concern that affects animal welfare and the dairy industry's economic stability. Pathogens are a key factor contributing to this issue. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management and preventive measures. This review discusses various pathogens responsible for abortion in dairy cattle, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Conventional diagnostic methods, which are important, may not always comprehensively detect all pathogens involved in abortion. This study focuses on current advances in diagnostic technology, particularly molecular approaches such as polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, as well as the promise of metagenomic techniques for increased accuracy. By integrating recent research findings, this review emphasizes the significance of these advancements in enhancing disease management, prevention measures, and overall herd health.