Antonis Elia, Mikael Gennser, Ola Eiken, Michail E Keramidas
{"title":"反复屏气时的全身和局部血流动力学和(脱)氧反应。","authors":"Antonis Elia, Mikael Gennser, Ola Eiken, Michail E Keramidas","doi":"10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2025","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Regional cerebral and peripheral tissue (de)oxygenation responses to breath-holding (apnea) have predominantly been examined during isolated attempts. How these responses evolve across repeated efforts remains unclear, as previous studies either averaged data across bouts or focused solely on the final repetition. Accordingly, this study mapped the (de)oxygenation dynamics across successive breath-holds. <b>Methods:</b> Fifteen non-divers performed three repeated maximal static breath-holds, separated by two-minute rest-intervals. Systemic cardiovascular variables, gas exchange, and cerebral frontal-cortex and forearm-muscle (de)oxygenation were assessed. <b>Results:</b> At each breath-hold onset, a transient fall in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (cO<sub>2</sub>Hb) and arterial pressure occurred, coinciding with tachycardia. A cardiovascular steady state followed which persisted until the onset of involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). At IBM onset, cO<sub>2</sub>Hb increased only during the first attempt (Δ8±5μM,p<0.001), with smaller changes in subsequent breath-holds (apnea-2,Δ3±6μM;apnea-3,Δ3±5μM,p≤0.014). Cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (cHHb) increased progressively across breath-holds (apnea-1,Δ3±4μM;apnea-2,Δ5±4μM;apnea-3,Δ7±5μM,p≤0.001), whereas arterial pressure increases were of similar magnitude (p≥0.064). Forearm (de)oxygenation profiles were comparable across attempts (p≥0.085). In 9 subjects, a triphasic peripheral response emerged: initial rapid decline in O<sub>2</sub>Hb and rise in HHb at breath-holding onset, a transient intermediate-plateau, and further divergence near IBM onset. Breath-holds were terminated at successively lower cO<sub>2</sub>Hb, cerebral tissue oxygen index, and end-tidal oxygen, and higher cHHb (p≤0.034), but similar end-tidal carbon dioxide levels (p>0.912). <b>Conclusion:</b> The magnitude and timing of regional (de)oxygenation responses vary greatly over repeated breath-holds. Cerebral oxygenation showed a pronounced increase during the first attempt, but progressively smaller changes across subsequent bouts. In contrast, peripheral tissue oxygenation, demonstrated a time-dependent decline across successive attempts.</p>","PeriodicalId":15160,"journal":{"name":"Journal of applied physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Systemic and regional hemodynamic and (de)oxygenation responses across repeated breath-holds.\",\"authors\":\"Antonis Elia, Mikael Gennser, Ola Eiken, Michail E Keramidas\",\"doi\":\"10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2025\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Regional cerebral and peripheral tissue (de)oxygenation responses to breath-holding (apnea) have predominantly been examined during isolated attempts. How these responses evolve across repeated efforts remains unclear, as previous studies either averaged data across bouts or focused solely on the final repetition. Accordingly, this study mapped the (de)oxygenation dynamics across successive breath-holds. <b>Methods:</b> Fifteen non-divers performed three repeated maximal static breath-holds, separated by two-minute rest-intervals. Systemic cardiovascular variables, gas exchange, and cerebral frontal-cortex and forearm-muscle (de)oxygenation were assessed. <b>Results:</b> At each breath-hold onset, a transient fall in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (cO<sub>2</sub>Hb) and arterial pressure occurred, coinciding with tachycardia. A cardiovascular steady state followed which persisted until the onset of involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). At IBM onset, cO<sub>2</sub>Hb increased only during the first attempt (Δ8±5μM,p<0.001), with smaller changes in subsequent breath-holds (apnea-2,Δ3±6μM;apnea-3,Δ3±5μM,p≤0.014). Cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (cHHb) increased progressively across breath-holds (apnea-1,Δ3±4μM;apnea-2,Δ5±4μM;apnea-3,Δ7±5μM,p≤0.001), whereas arterial pressure increases were of similar magnitude (p≥0.064). Forearm (de)oxygenation profiles were comparable across attempts (p≥0.085). In 9 subjects, a triphasic peripheral response emerged: initial rapid decline in O<sub>2</sub>Hb and rise in HHb at breath-holding onset, a transient intermediate-plateau, and further divergence near IBM onset. Breath-holds were terminated at successively lower cO<sub>2</sub>Hb, cerebral tissue oxygen index, and end-tidal oxygen, and higher cHHb (p≤0.034), but similar end-tidal carbon dioxide levels (p>0.912). <b>Conclusion:</b> The magnitude and timing of regional (de)oxygenation responses vary greatly over repeated breath-holds. Cerebral oxygenation showed a pronounced increase during the first attempt, but progressively smaller changes across subsequent bouts. In contrast, peripheral tissue oxygenation, demonstrated a time-dependent decline across successive attempts.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":15160,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of applied physiology\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-23\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of applied physiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2025\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"PHYSIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of applied physiology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00508.2025","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Systemic and regional hemodynamic and (de)oxygenation responses across repeated breath-holds.
Introduction: Regional cerebral and peripheral tissue (de)oxygenation responses to breath-holding (apnea) have predominantly been examined during isolated attempts. How these responses evolve across repeated efforts remains unclear, as previous studies either averaged data across bouts or focused solely on the final repetition. Accordingly, this study mapped the (de)oxygenation dynamics across successive breath-holds. Methods: Fifteen non-divers performed three repeated maximal static breath-holds, separated by two-minute rest-intervals. Systemic cardiovascular variables, gas exchange, and cerebral frontal-cortex and forearm-muscle (de)oxygenation were assessed. Results: At each breath-hold onset, a transient fall in cerebral oxygenated hemoglobin (cO2Hb) and arterial pressure occurred, coinciding with tachycardia. A cardiovascular steady state followed which persisted until the onset of involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). At IBM onset, cO2Hb increased only during the first attempt (Δ8±5μM,p<0.001), with smaller changes in subsequent breath-holds (apnea-2,Δ3±6μM;apnea-3,Δ3±5μM,p≤0.014). Cerebral deoxygenated hemoglobin (cHHb) increased progressively across breath-holds (apnea-1,Δ3±4μM;apnea-2,Δ5±4μM;apnea-3,Δ7±5μM,p≤0.001), whereas arterial pressure increases were of similar magnitude (p≥0.064). Forearm (de)oxygenation profiles were comparable across attempts (p≥0.085). In 9 subjects, a triphasic peripheral response emerged: initial rapid decline in O2Hb and rise in HHb at breath-holding onset, a transient intermediate-plateau, and further divergence near IBM onset. Breath-holds were terminated at successively lower cO2Hb, cerebral tissue oxygen index, and end-tidal oxygen, and higher cHHb (p≤0.034), but similar end-tidal carbon dioxide levels (p>0.912). Conclusion: The magnitude and timing of regional (de)oxygenation responses vary greatly over repeated breath-holds. Cerebral oxygenation showed a pronounced increase during the first attempt, but progressively smaller changes across subsequent bouts. In contrast, peripheral tissue oxygenation, demonstrated a time-dependent decline across successive attempts.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Applied Physiology publishes the highest quality original research and reviews that examine novel adaptive and integrative physiological mechanisms in humans and animals that advance the field. The journal encourages the submission of manuscripts that examine the acute and adaptive responses of various organs, tissues, cells and/or molecular pathways to environmental, physiological and/or pathophysiological stressors. As an applied physiology journal, topics of interest are not limited to a particular organ system. The journal, therefore, considers a wide array of integrative and translational research topics examining the mechanisms involved in disease processes and mitigation strategies, as well as the promotion of health and well-being throughout the lifespan. Priority is given to manuscripts that provide mechanistic insight deemed to exert an impact on the field.