Survival After Fertility-Sparing Surgery for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer Compared With Nonsparing Surgery: A Nationwide Comparative Study.

Purpose: The oncologic safety of fertility-sparing surgery in young women with early-stage cervical cancer is largely based on retrospective data from small series, highlighting the need for larger studies to validate its safety.

Methods: We performed a nation-wide retrospective matched cohort study of all patients age 18-45 years with Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (FIGO) 2018 stage IA1 to IB2 cervical cancer who underwent fertility-sparing surgery (FSS; cone biopsy, large loop excision of the transformation zone, or [radical] trachelectomy) between 2000 and 2022 in the Netherlands (fertility-sparing group). These patients were matched 1:2 with women who had a (radical) hysterectomy for early-stage cervical cancer (hysterectomy group). Patients were matched for pretreatment FIGO 2018 stage, histology, and lymph vascular space invasion. We compared data on recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival (OS) between the fertility-sparing group and the hysterectomy-group.

Results: In total, 1,446 patients were included: 482 treated with FSS and 964 with a (radical) hysterectomy; 57.5% had stage 1A1 or 1A2, and 42.5% had IB1 or IB2 cervical cancer. The median follow-up was 8.9 years (IQR, 4.4-13.7). During the study period, 4.8% of patients developed a recurrence: 7.1% in the fertility-sparing group and 3.6% in the hysterectomy group (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21 [95% CI, 1.38 to 3.56]).The OS in both groups did not differ (HR, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.62 to 1.80]).

Conclusion: Women treated with FSS had a significantly higher recurrence rate than patients who had the uterus completely removed. However, since the increased recurrence rate did not affect OS, fertility-sparing surgery appears to be a potentially safe treatment option.