Microfluidic- and Field-Assisted 3D Printing: Leveraging Fluidic Control, Electrokinetic Phenomena, and Other Physical Fields to Advance Additive Manufacturing.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has revolutionized manufacturing by enabling the rapid fabrication of complex structures, yet conventional 3D techniques remain constrained by inherent limitations in resolution, speed, and multi-material integration. To address these challenges, emerging approaches such as microfluidic-assisted and field-assisted additive manufacturing have been developed to enhance the capabilities and versatility of the method. Microfluidic-assisted 3D printing leverages controlled flow patterns for material deposition and control, material gradient formation, and advanced polymerization processes. Field-assisted methods, including electric-, acoustic-, and interface-assisted approaches, directly manipulate materials during printing to enable advanced functionalities and material properties. This review summarizes the latest advancements in microfluidic- and field-assisted 3D printing, highlighting their unique advantage in overcoming current 3D printing limitations and their potential to drive innovation in applications ranging from biomedical devices to functional materials development.