Genetically encoded biosensors for spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins in growth and stress responses

Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins, which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress responses. However, a comprehensive review focused on the spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins using these biosensors is still lacking. This review highlights key advancements in the field, evaluates the strengths and limitations of current biosensors, and discusses their applications for tracking plant protein dynamics. We aim to provide a thorough understanding of genetically encoded biosensors for plant proteins, promote the development of these technologies, and foster deeper insights into molecular mechanisms in plant cells. Future research should prioritize overcoming challenges such as interference from plant autofluorescence and enhancing the sensitivity of biosensors, particularly in complex cellular compartments like chloroplasts and cell walls, to further improve spatial and temporal resolution.