Using the cognitive rigidity-flexibility dimension to deepen our understanding of the autism spectrum.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a unidimensional condition, and autism traits are measured on a continuum where the high end of the spectrum represents individuals likely to have an ASD diagnosis. However, the large heterogeneity of ASD has thrown this unidimensional conceptualization into question. With the exact underlying cause(s) of autism yet to be identified, there is a pressing need to establish core, underlying dimensions of ASD that can capture heterogeneity within the autism spectrum, thereby better specifying both autistic traits and ASD symptoms. Here we describe one important transdiagnostic dimension, the cognitive rigidity-flexibility dimension, that may impact autistic traits and symptoms across symptom-relevant cognitive domains. We first discuss how diminished cognitive flexibility manifests in core autistic traits and autism symptoms in perception, attention, learning, social cognition, and communication. We then propose to supplement assessments of autistic traits in the general population and autism symptoms in individuals with an ASD diagnosis with a comprehensive batter of cognitive flexibility measures in these symptom-relevant domains. We conjecture that systematic differences in domain-general versus domain-specific cognitive flexibility can distill subgroups within the autism phenotype. While we focus on the cognitive flexibility dimension here, we believe that it is important to extend this framework to other higher order dimensions that can capture core autism symptoms and transdiagnostic symptom severity. This approach can characterize the latent, multi-faceted structure of autism, thereby yielding greater precision in diagnostic classification and the creation of more targeted interventions.