The impact of urbanization on green spaces spatial pattern from 2003 to 2017: a landscape metrics analysis in Ardabil city, Iran.

Urbanization impacts the structure and spatial urban green spaces (UGS) patterns, necessitating the expansion of these areas to address environmental challenges. To evaluate UGS patterns, characteristics, and overall integrity, landscape metrics are employed. This study examines UGS changes in Ardabil, Iran, by analyzing spatial patterns and changes in per capita across different periods, utilizing Landsat 8 satellite imagery. Landscape metrics were computed using Fragstats software at both the class and patch levels for each period under investigation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of urban green spaces (UGSs) in Ardabil, Iran, is suboptimal. Analysis reveals a decrease in the density of UGS patches over recent years. The reduction in the number of UGS patches has led to a deterioration in their spatial arrangement. In 2012, Ardabil had 8.40 m² of UGS per capita, which was close to the national standard of 12 m². However, by 2017, the per capita UGS dropped to 5.25 m² per capita. Landscape metrics such as SPLIT and DIVISION show an increased distance between UGS patches, due to urban growth and expansion of more distantly located UGSs. The study demonstrates a shortage of UGS in Ardabil, with reduced patch density and per capita availability, underscoring the urgent need for increased UGS planning and development. The findings derived from the analysis of landscape metrics reveal a shortage of urban green spaces (UGS) in Ardabil, as evidenced by reduced patch density and per capita accessibility. These results indicate the necessity of adopting integrated urban planning approaches to enhance spatial connectivity and improve public access to green spaces. Overall, the study determines the critical role of landscape metrics as an effective tool for supporting decision-making related to sustainable environmental development in rapidly expanding urban areas. This study's findings can guide policymakers in Ardabil, Iran, to prioritize UGS expansion and connectivity, fostering sustainable urban environments that mitigate environmental challenges and enhance residents' quality of life.