Acute mental health benefits of urban nature

Mental disorders are more prevalent in cities, yet the global impact of urban nature on mental health remains insufficiently understood. Here we address this gap by systematically reviewing 449 peer-reviewed studies and conducting a meta-analysis of 78 field-based experiments to quantify the effects of various urban nature types on 12 mental health outcomes. Our meta-analysis demonstrates that exposure to urban nature provides substantial benefits for a broad spectrum of mental health outcomes. Green spaces such as urban forests and parks emerged as key elements in mitigating negative moods, such as depression and anxiety, and enhancing overall mental well-being. In particular, the benefits of nature exposure are most pronounced among young adults, although consistent positive effects are evident across all age groups. These findings highlight the importance of safeguarding and expanding access to urban nature as a key strategy for enhancing public health and well-being in cities worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of how urban nature affects mental health at a global scale remains essential. This study addresses that need through a systematic review and meta-analysis, revealing the effects of exposure to various urban nature types on 12 distinct mental health outcomes.