José L. Neves , Tomasz Wojcik , David Obersteiner , Johann Grillitsch , David Holec , Daniel Kiener , Thomas Klein
{"title":"采用粗丝料制备亚稳-β合金ti - 15v - 3cr - 3sn - 3al的丝弧定向能沉积:组织与力学响应","authors":"José L. Neves , Tomasz Wojcik , David Obersteiner , Johann Grillitsch , David Holec , Daniel Kiener , Thomas Klein","doi":"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114757","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al is a metastable-β alloy initially developed to improve cold formability and reduce downstream processing costs compared to hot-forming Ti-6Al-4V. It is primarily used in sheet and welded forms, with secondary applications in castings and forgings. However, high formulation costs and strict process windows reduce expected cost benefits. This study explores an alternative manufacturing route for large-scale components using the available thick wire format (Ø3.0 mm). Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al was deposited via plasma-based wire-arc directed energy deposition. Samples were evaluated in two conditions: (1) solution-treated (2) solution-treated and aged. Mechanical testing included tensile and hardness measurements, while microstructural analysis used a broad range of techniques. Deformation behaviour and fracture surfaces were also examined. The β-phase microstructure in the as-built condition contained α<sub>GB</sub> at grain boundaries, which dissolved during solution treatment, leaving a fully β-phase matrix. Aging resulted in the precipitation of fine α-laths, providing expected strengthening. In this condition, the material achieved an ultimate tensile strength > 1150 MPa and failure strain > 6 %, with anisotropy observed only in ductility. In the solution-treated condition, continuous softening was observed during tensile testing. This study provides insight into properties of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al in additive manufacturing, laying the groundwork for alternative processing routes for titanium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":383,"journal":{"name":"Materials & Design","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 114757"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Wire-Arc directed energy deposition of metastable-β alloy Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al using thick wire feedstock: Microstructure and mechanical response\",\"authors\":\"José L. Neves , Tomasz Wojcik , David Obersteiner , Johann Grillitsch , David Holec , Daniel Kiener , Thomas Klein\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114757\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al is a metastable-β alloy initially developed to improve cold formability and reduce downstream processing costs compared to hot-forming Ti-6Al-4V. It is primarily used in sheet and welded forms, with secondary applications in castings and forgings. However, high formulation costs and strict process windows reduce expected cost benefits. This study explores an alternative manufacturing route for large-scale components using the available thick wire format (Ø3.0 mm). Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al was deposited via plasma-based wire-arc directed energy deposition. Samples were evaluated in two conditions: (1) solution-treated (2) solution-treated and aged. Mechanical testing included tensile and hardness measurements, while microstructural analysis used a broad range of techniques. Deformation behaviour and fracture surfaces were also examined. The β-phase microstructure in the as-built condition contained α<sub>GB</sub> at grain boundaries, which dissolved during solution treatment, leaving a fully β-phase matrix. Aging resulted in the precipitation of fine α-laths, providing expected strengthening. In this condition, the material achieved an ultimate tensile strength > 1150 MPa and failure strain > 6 %, with anisotropy observed only in ductility. In the solution-treated condition, continuous softening was observed during tensile testing. This study provides insight into properties of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al in additive manufacturing, laying the groundwork for alternative processing routes for titanium alloys.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":383,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Materials & Design\",\"volume\":\"259 \",\"pages\":\"Article 114757\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.9000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-16\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Materials & Design\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525011773\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Materials & Design","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127525011773","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Wire-Arc directed energy deposition of metastable-β alloy Ti-15 V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al using thick wire feedstock: Microstructure and mechanical response
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al is a metastable-β alloy initially developed to improve cold formability and reduce downstream processing costs compared to hot-forming Ti-6Al-4V. It is primarily used in sheet and welded forms, with secondary applications in castings and forgings. However, high formulation costs and strict process windows reduce expected cost benefits. This study explores an alternative manufacturing route for large-scale components using the available thick wire format (Ø3.0 mm). Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al was deposited via plasma-based wire-arc directed energy deposition. Samples were evaluated in two conditions: (1) solution-treated (2) solution-treated and aged. Mechanical testing included tensile and hardness measurements, while microstructural analysis used a broad range of techniques. Deformation behaviour and fracture surfaces were also examined. The β-phase microstructure in the as-built condition contained αGB at grain boundaries, which dissolved during solution treatment, leaving a fully β-phase matrix. Aging resulted in the precipitation of fine α-laths, providing expected strengthening. In this condition, the material achieved an ultimate tensile strength > 1150 MPa and failure strain > 6 %, with anisotropy observed only in ductility. In the solution-treated condition, continuous softening was observed during tensile testing. This study provides insight into properties of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al in additive manufacturing, laying the groundwork for alternative processing routes for titanium alloys.
期刊介绍:
Materials and Design is a multi-disciplinary journal that publishes original research reports, review articles, and express communications. The journal focuses on studying the structure and properties of inorganic and organic materials, advancements in synthesis, processing, characterization, and testing, the design of materials and engineering systems, and their applications in technology. It aims to bring together various aspects of materials science, engineering, physics, and chemistry.
The journal explores themes ranging from materials to design and aims to reveal the connections between natural and artificial materials, as well as experiment and modeling. Manuscripts submitted to Materials and Design should contain elements of discovery and surprise, as they often contribute new insights into the architecture and function of matter.