Dye remediation potentials of MIL, UiO and ZIF metal-organic frameworks and derivatives in wastewater treatment

The uncontrolled discharges of dye effluents into water bodies due to several anthropogenic activities are alarming, necessitating the development and deployment of an effective and environmentally friendly water/wastewater remediation strategy. MILs, UiOs, and ZIFs are fascinating metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that consist of distinctive components essential for the development of crystals with remarkable surface areas, porosity, outstanding stability, and other adjustable properties. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the performance of MILs, UiOs, and ZIFs as sorbents for effective dye adsorption from water/wastewater. The suitability of MOF classes for dye decontamination was examined, along with their porosity, ligands, and the parameters influencing their stability. The discussion included different synthetic methods used by MILs, UiOs, and ZIFs, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This was also supplemented with the shaping of MOFs. Unlike previous studies, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of three MOFs - MILs, UiOs, and ZIFs for the adsorption of dyes from wastewater treatment. The study examined their effectiveness as sorbents for adsorptive dye uptake and addressed their potential uniqueness in detail, providing a current overview of the field. The exceptional performance obtained offers a chance to uncover practical uses in real-world scenarios and acquire an understanding of the associated mechanisms and synergistic relationships. The study further recognized the practical limitations/shortcomings and pinpointed advantageous solutions with these innovative categories of MOFs. To further the practicability and effectiveness of MILs, UiOs, and ZIFs, we highlighted various enhancement choices and knowledge gaps to direct specific future research exploration in expanding their uses on an industrial scale.