Molecular and Genetic Markers for Malignant Melanoma: Implications for Prognosis and Therapy.

Despite therapeutic advancements, malignant melanoma remains a leading cause of skin cancer-related mortality, with incidence continuing to rise globally. Traditional prognostic tools offer important clinical guidance but fail to capture the biological heterogeneity of melanoma or reliably predict responses to emerging therapies. In this review, we summarize recent advances in prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers reported over the past five years. We discuss immunohistochemical and tissue-based markers, circulating biomarkers, microRNAs, and gene expression profiles that enhance risk stratification and inform surveillance strategies. We also review immune-related markers that may predict response to immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Lastly, we highlight investigational biomarkers-including gene signatures, epigenomic alterations, and microbiome influences-that are shaping the future landscape. Together, these advances reflect a shift toward precision oncology in melanoma, with the integration of biomarker-driven strategies offering the potential to personalize treatment and improve patient outcomes.