Weak signal detection and circuit implementation based on a novel 3D chaotic synchronization system

To address the performance limitations of traditional weak signal detection methods under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions and the challenges in hardware implementation of chaotic systems, this paper proposes a solution based on a three-dimensional dissipative chaotic system with a multi-equilibrium saddle-focus structure. The system’s complex dynamical behavior is revealed through phase diagrams, Lyapunov exponents spectra, and bifurcation diagram analysis. A nonlinear controller is designed using a drive-response synchronization control method to achieve rapid synchronization of the chaotic system within 0.1 s. Following the introduction of weak signals in a high-noise environment, their frequency is detected by analyzing the synchronization error. Modular circuit design and simulations are conducted, demonstrating that the system exhibits excellent detection performance and can realize frequency detection of weak signals over a wide frequency range. The hardware circuit is implemented using a four-layer FR-4 substrate process, offering advantages such as simple structure, high stability, and low complexity. The results demonstrate that the system efficiently detects weak signals’ frequency with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of -46.02 dB, highlighting its strong noise suppression capability and high detection sensitivity. This work lays a solid theoretical foundation for applications in engineering fields such as radar detection, mechanical fault diagnosis, and underwater signal processing, demonstrating significant potential for practical engineering application.