Multifunctional 3D carbon nanomaterials for enhanced performance in phase change materials: A smart approach

Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) has attracted significant attention in various smart applications, including photovoltaic thermal system, electronic cooling, textiles, and battery thermal management system. However, low thermal conductivity and leakage issues during phase transition remain critical challenges. Among advanced materials, three dimensional (3D) carbon-based nanomaterials and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates due to their exceptional thermal conductivity, structural stability and multifunctionality. This review systematically explores recent progress in in incorporating 3D carbon-based nanomaterials with phase change materials to enhance thermal performance, reduce leakage and promote sustainable solutions. Different types of 3D carbon materials, their unique properties and their applications in TES, building materials and thermal control systems are critically examined. The review also highlights the role of bio based 3D materials and non-carbon-based nanomaterials in improving PCM characteristics. A comprehensive analysis of recent advancements, key challenges and future research direction is provided, offering valuable insights for developing next generation multifunctional PCM based thermal management and storage systems that supports green and low carbon technologies. Introducing 3D carbon-based materials demonstrates strong potential to address leakage issues while significantly improving the thermal conductivity of the PCMs. The review will show the future pathway for researchers to develop advanced composite PCM with higher latent heat capacity, higher thermal conductivity and more excellent shape stability.