Energy transition in high-altitude regions: The role of hybrid CSP-PV plants

High-altitude regions, despite rich resources, face energy shortages and limited economic development due to geographical isolation, severe environmental conditions, and insufficient infrastructure, emphasising the need for flexible clean energy solutions. Hybrid concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) systems, known for clean energy attributes and robust grid-support capabilities, have emerged as a viable and cost-effective solution. However, comprehensive analyses evaluating their potential benefits across various scenarios are scarce, complicating project positioning and energy policy decisions. This study introduces an integrated evaluation framework for high-altitude regions, enabling comparative assessments of hybrid CSP-PV systems across four scenarios: electricity production, combined heat and electricity generation, power supply for mining operations, and hydrogen production. The proposed approach integrates geographic information system (GIS)-based analytic hierarchy processes with cost-benefit analyses, including levelized cost of energy and net present value methods, to determine spatial suitability, economic feasibility, and greenhouse gas reduction potential. Additionally, a novel TOPSIS-based method evaluates multi-scenario development pathways. To illustrate the framework’s applicability in addressing regional energy challenges, Tibet is analysed as a representative case study. Results indicate more than 25,000 km2 in Tibet is suitable for hybrid CSP-PV installations, with more than 20 % being geographically appropriate and economically viable. Future projections suggest a 30.8 % growth in electricity exports within five years, potentially supplying heating to over 250 thousand residents and boosting industries like mining and hydrogen production, generating annual economic benefits over 6.64 billion CNY. These developments will substantially promote Tibet’s sustainable energy transition and regional economic progress.