Harnessing microbial diversity for effective remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils

Heavy metal contamination in soils presents a significant global environmental challenge, particularly in agricultural regions where it threatens food safety, soil health, and human well-being. This review explores the role of microbial communities in the remediation of heavy metals from contaminated soils, with an emphasis on the diversity and functionality of bacteria and fungi in these processes. Microorganisms play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling, employing mechanisms such as bioaccumulation, detoxification, and transformation to mitigate the toxic effects of heavy metals. This review discusses various biotechnological approaches, such as bioaugmentation and biostimulation, which utilize microbes to enhance natural cleanup processes in polluted areas. Case studies from around the world highlight the practical applications of microbial remediation techniques, demonstrating their effectiveness in reducing heavy metal concentrations in soils. The review also addresses the challenges in this field, including the need for tailored remediation strategies and the competition between indigenous and introduced microbial populations. Future research and technological advancements are crucial for optimizing microbial remediation processes, ensuring the sustainability of agricultural practices, and protecting environmental and human health.