Review of port generations development models: Addressing the energy transition gap

This study aims to review the development models of port generations, from the first to the proposed Sixth generation, highlighting critical gaps and emphasizing the role of port energy transition in the achievement of the climate goal. In doing so, it examines the interrelated challenges of port energy transition and generational development, culminating in the formulation of a conceptual framework that integrates emerging sustainability imperatives, and decarbonization including energy transition strategies into the prospective next generation of ports. The results suggest that energy transition considerations are advancing, both in research and practice. However, the complexity of port energy transitions is underscored by various barriers, including infrastructure limitations, regulatory challenges, and stakeholder inertia. Notably, while port models have evolved in response to trade, technological, and logistical advancements, none of the models explicitly address the growing need for energy transition to achieve decarbonization goals, stressing the need for integrating energy transition within these frameworks. The findings of this study have significant implications for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners because it inspires them about the port generation development and the concurrent issue of energy transition. This study contributes to scholarly discussions by suggesting a direction for future research that bridges the scientific gap and advances sustainable port development.