The anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in biomedical applications, focusing on their anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. ZnO NPs, distinguished by their unique physicochemical attributes, are increasingly recognized in nanomedicine for their potential in cancer therapy, oxidative stress management, and infection control. The synthesis and characterization of ZnO NPs, crucial for their functionality and safety, are discussed, emphasizing the impact of particle size, morphology, and purity. ZnO NPs exhibit promising capabilities in oncology through reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis induction, and anti-proliferative effects. Their efficacy against diverse cancer types and insights from emerging clinical trials are evaluated. The review also highlights the antioxidant properties of ZnO NPs, comparing their effectiveness with conventional antioxidants and their role in combating oxidative stress-related diseases, supported by case studies. The antimicrobial potential of ZnO NPs is explored through their interaction with microbial cell structures and the generation of reactive oxygen species, demonstrating their broad-spectrum efficacy against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Applications in healthcare and infection control are discussed. Furthermore, the review addresses biocompatibility and toxicity concerns, covering in vitro and in vivo studies, factors influencing toxicity, and regulatory perspectives. Challenges in clinical applications, including delivery systems and translational research obstacles, are examined. Finally, the review outlines future prospects, such as emerging research trends, potential in combined therapies, and advancements in nanotechnology, concluding with the pivotal role of ZnO NPs in advancing therapeutic solutions and their promising future in healthcare.