Assessing sustainability trade-offs through life cycle thinking: introducing conservation agriculture in Mediterranean carbon farming systems

The environmental impacts of farming are central in sustainable food system discussions, as current practices often harm soils, water, biodiversity, and ecosystem health. Carbon farming has emerged as a promising strategy, improving soil health, increasing organic carbon, and supporting profitability. However, Life Cycle Assessment has limitations in capturing agriculture's multifunctional roles, prompting the integration of socio-economic analyses. This study uses Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) methods to assess the environmental, economic, and social aspects of Conservation Agriculture, specifically testing camelina [Camelina Sativa (L.) Crantz] as a cash-cover crop in Mediterranean dryland systems. Across eight case studies, findings suggest that conservation practices and camelina introduction can enhance biodiversity, soil health, and farmer incomes, while reducing environmental costs and creating sustainable market opportunities for oilseeds. Despite potential trade-offs, such as increased input costs and nitrous oxide emissions, policy recommendations are provided to support sustainable practices, with LCT frameworks guiding resilience in Mediterranean agriculture.