Design of superparamagnetic phenanthrene-imidazole nanoparticles with 3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane-functionalized and silica-coated Fe3O4 approach

Superparamagnetic phenanthrene-imidazole nanoparticles were designed and presented here. Extensive characterization of the nanoparticles designed by magnetic core–shell approach demonstrated promising chemical and magnetic properties. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were first stabilized with SiO₂ coating, then functionalized with CPTMS (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane and OH-terminated phenanthrene-imidazole derivatives were bonded to the surface and hybrid structures were obtained. This synthesis method provided high efficiency, coating, and chemical resistance. Characterization studies investigated the physical, chemical, and magnetic properties of the hybrid materials in detail. FE-SEM, EDX, and STEM analyses revealed the regular morphological structure and coating properties of the nanoparticles, while FT-IR and XRD confirmed the functional groups on the surface. TGA/DSC thermal analysis showed the high thermal stability of the material and VSM measurements revealed that the Fe₃O₄ cores retained their superparamagnetic properties. The results show that the synthesized hybrid materials have superior chemical stability and magnetic properties. This study makes an important contribution to the field of nanotechnology and advanced materials by presenting an innovative synthesis approach based on combining phenanthrene-imidazole derivatives with iron oxide nanoparticles.